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Punishment as a public event
For centuries in Europe, punishment was carried out in public. The pillory held an offender upright in a marketplace or at a crossroads, where the main purpose was public humiliation. It was abolished in England and Wales in 1837, and Delaware abolished it only in March 1905.


Laws and their end
Some punishments were written into law and lasted far longer than the Middle Ages. Execution on the breaking wheel was used in Europe into the 19th century; it was abolished in Bavaria in 1813, and the last known use was in Prussia in 1841.
Separating myth from evidence
Not every object linked with the Middle Ages comes from that time. Historians have found no evidence of iron maidens before the 19th century; one, a copy of the Nuremberg example, was shown in Chicago at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.
